It has been difficult to delineate the boundaries between public and private interest in marriage law. The public interest is involved in the prevention of clandestine marriages; in requiring a license or the publication of banns as a condition precedent to marriage; in requiring parental consent for marriages between persons of certain ages; and in providing for the registration of marriages in a public manner. In practice, however, the marriage laws are often a mixture of functional administrative provisions (such as the requirement for registration and health certificates), old customs, and religious ceremonies. Marriage statutes were introduced in modern times to combat the danger of clandestine marriages, which were possible under the old law in Europe and England by some form of mutual consent. In addition to direct proof of consent, a clandestine marriage could be established by engagement followed by sexual intercourse (matrimonium subsequente copula) or by habit and repute marriage (evidence of acceptance in the community as being married persons). Clandestine marriage was significant at a time when a man could acquire control over the property of a woman, including absolute ownership of much of it. The emancipation of women has put an end to the economic advantages of the clandestine marriage, but the legislation to which it gave rise has left an impress on the statute books.